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A reverse osmosis plant is a manufacturing plant where the reverse osmosis process is carried out.Reverse osmosis is a common process for purifying or desalinating polluted water by forcing it through a membrane.Water produced by reverse osmosis can be used for a variety of purposes, including desalination, wastewater treatment,concentration of pollutants,and recovery of dissolved minerals. An average modern reverse osmosis plant requires six kilowatt hours of electricity to desalinate one cubic meter of water.The process also produces large amounts of saline wastewater.The challenge for these plants is to find ways to reduce energy consumption, use sustainable energy sources, improve desalination processes, and innovate in the field of waste management to deal with waste. Standalone water treatment plants that use reverse osmosis, known as reverse osmosis plants, are often used in military settings.
System Operation 
Reverse osmosis units require a variety of pretreatment technologies, including softening, dechlorination, and antiscaling treatments. After pretreatment,high pressure forces the water through a semipermeable membrane that retains all contaminants but lets pure water through.Energy requirements depend on the concentration of salt and pollutants in the influent; higher concentrations require more energy to process.
In operation
In 1977, Cape Coral,Florida became the first city in the United States to use the reverse osmosis process on a large scale, with an initial operating capacity of 11,356 cubic meters (3 million gallons) per day. By 1985, due to Cape Coral's rapidly growing population, the city had the largest low-pressure reverse osmosis plant in the world, capable of producing 56,782 cubic meters (15 million gallons) per day.In Ashkelon on the Mediterranean coast of Israel,the world's largest reverse osmosis plant produces 396,000 cubic meters of water per day, and the price per cubic meter may be around $0.50.In Yanbu, western Saudi Arabia, production of 106,904 cubic meters of water per day began in 1999. Later in 2009, with some expansion, production reached 132,000 cubic meters of water per day.In Sindh Province, Pakistan, the provincial government installed 382 reverse osmosis units in the province, 207 of which were installed in the backward areas of Sindh Province, including Tal, Tata, Badin, Sukkur, Shahid, Benazirabad Germany, Nosero, Feroz and other areas, while 726 are in the final stage of completion.In 2010, China plans to build a desalination plant in Tianjin that will produce 100,000 cubic meters of desalinated seawater per day.In Spain in 2004, 20 reverse osmosis plants were planned along the Costas, which were expected to meet slightly more than 1% of Spain's total water demand.Nearly 17 percent of Perth, Australia's drinking water comes from desalination reverse osmosis plants.Perth was an ideal candidate for a reverse osmosis plant because of its relatively dry and arid climate, with scarce conventional freshwater resources, yet it is surrounded by oceans.Western Australian Water announced the Perth desalination plant in April 2005.At the time, it was the largest desalination plant using reverse osmosis technology in the southern hemisphere.
